The question of civil defense-the protection of civilian lives during a nuclear exchange-was passionately debated in the executive and legislative branches of the United States government, with scientists and academics weighing in. Both countries were forced to confront the unprecedented prospect of sudden, massive losses to their populations. Page from the "Bert The Turtle Says Duck and Cover" Pamphlet produced by the Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) in 1951.Īs Cold War tensions escalated throughout the 1950’s, the United States’ testing of the first hydrogen bomb in 1951 was followed by the development, production, and stockpiling of increasingly powerful nuclear weapons by the US and Soviet Union.
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